Monday, February 24, 2020

Dynamics of crime and Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dynamics of crime and Delinquency - Assignment Example This would not lead to the happiness of the society. Under this statement, Baccaria means that the stronger members of the society are guilty of oppressing the weaker members of the society. This is because they are accused of crimes, and hence they are under torture, to either confess them, or implicate others. Baccaria advocates against torturing a suspect, and this is mainly because they are not guilty, until the courts prove that they are indeed the ones who committed the offence. Furthermore, Baccaria advocates against the prison sentence (Barker and Colin, 29). He believes that imprisonment in a crime against humanity. On this basis, people should make policies aimed at preventing crime, instead of punishing crime. From this passage, we can denote that necessity refers to the preservation of the public liberty. These are rights and privileges enjoyed by the public. An individual can only be punished when they try to interfere with these public liberties. Baccaria denotes that justice is a bond that makes it possible to unite the society. Furthermore, justice is a concept that prevents individuals from being barbarians. This is the original state of mankind. On this basis, punishments that aim at destroying this bond of unity are not

Friday, February 7, 2020

Studies on Photosynthesis Using the Hill Reaction Report Lab

Studies on Photosynthesis Using the Hill Reaction - Lab Report Example The primary ‘light reaction’ stage requires light and involves the excitation of electrons of the chlorophyll. These electrons then proceed along a series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid of the chloroplast resulting in synthesis of ATP in the stroma and the reduction of NADP. The dark reactions of photosynthesis do not directly require light involve the use of ATP and NADPH formed during the light reaction (figure 1) (Berg et al., 553). Hill reaction named after its discoverer Robert Hill (1937) involves the photoreduction of an electron acceptor by the hydrogen atoms of water, along with evolution of oxygen. In laboratory, Hill reaction is demonstrated when isolated and illuminated ‘chloroplasts’ reduce an electron acceptor present with it, and release molecular oxygen: The electron acceptors used in laboratory conditions are not the natural electron acceptors or NADP but instead are artificial electron acceptors (Walker, 109). These artificial electron acceptors intercept the electrons before they reach PS1700. Further they are generally dyes that change color when reduced e.g. DCIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol). Thus Hill reaction can be written as: Thus using the above equation, rate of Hill reaction in isolated protoplasts can be experimentally estimated. The change in absorbance of the dye at 600nm measured under varied conditions of experiment gives the rate of Hill reaction occurring under the preselected set of conditions. Several of the detergents are also known to be inhibitors of photosynthesis such as DCMU [3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea], DNP [dinitrophenol] and triton-X etc. Chloroplast was extracted from deveined, washed and blot dried fresh baby spinach leaves. The standard fractionation protocol for extraction of chloroplasts was followed. 50g spinach leaves were homogenized in a pre-chilled blender jar along with buffered isotonic salt solution and antioxidant solution. The homogenate was